CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND RELIGIOUS RADICALISM IN INDONESIAN SOCIAL MEDIA FROM ACADEMIC WRITING’S POINT OF VIEW

Abstrac : Art and cultural activities and the attempt to prevent religious radicalism constitute two entities which are considered to have a close relationship. Nowadays, the attempt to prevent religious extremity is crucial to hold, especially in Indonesia. This research aims at interpreting the thesis of texts or essays found in social media online by using the keywords of religion, culture, literature, radicalism, and extremity. Data is collected by finding and collecting essays found in social media dated from 2017 to 2020 by using such keywords. The research is categorized descriptive-qualitative research. In analyzing the data, the theory of developing a thesis proposed by Rodburg and the tutors of the Writing Center at Harvard University is used. There were ten essays found which consisted of 214 to 1088 words. The research findings showed that 60% of the theses found in the ten essays constituted of fact, and 40% of them constituted of opinion. Thus, the thesis of these essays cannot be considered representative thesis because the effective one should constitute argument rather than fact or opinion. The finding also showed that all thesis stated clearly that the relationship between literature or cultural activities and religion was positive. It means that literature or cultural activities is capable of preventing people from religious radicalism or extremity. Abstract:


INTRODUCTION
In this globalization era in which almost all information is digitalized we are capable of accessing information quite easily. The internet with its facilities offered enables us to Indonesia in this digital era. This question can be answered by collecting the data from the texts or essays found on the social media online. In so doing, the key words of culture, literature, religion, radicalism, and extremity can be used. To analyze the data collected, the academic writing proposed by Rodburg and the tutors at Harvard University is employed.
According to World University Ranking 2020-21, Harvard University is the best university in the world [3].
In analyzing essays, the existence of thesis must be prioritized, especially in the academic writing's point of view. Actually, thesis is the most important part in the essay.
Based on its thesis, we, the readers can comprehend the content or core of the whole essay in advance.
In discussing essay, we can say that all non-fictional writings which consist of some paragraphs can be included as essay. In this case, Kane states that essays can be about almost anything … it would be a mistake to define it precisely. Here essay really will simply mean a short prose piece [4]. As a consequence, it is not a must for all essays found in this research to label themselves as essay.

METHOD
This research will not hypothesize the finding or the answer of the research question.
This research belongs to descriptive-qualitative research. According to Hodder in Stake qualitative researchers use all kinds of data: numerical measurements, photographs, indirect observation, texting, for example; whatever clarifies the picture of what is going on. They review documents and gather artifacts [5].
These essays are taken from various social media with the keywords of culture, religion, literature, radicalism, and extremity. In analyzing the essays, the rule provided by the Writing Center at Harvard University [6] is employed.
To obtain the essays, search machine provided by Google is used. By typing or entering the keywords of culture, religion, literature, radicalism, and extremity, many essays emerge. The researcher selects these essays by mainly considering their connectedness with the keywords. After selecting, there are ten essays which are considered have close relationship with the keywords of culture, religion, literature, radicalism, and extremity.
These ten essays chosen were published during the year of 2017 to 2020. Their length is between 214 to 1088 words. The rule of which the essays are analyzed is modified in order that it is capable of facilitating the researcher optimally.

DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSION
In doing research, there must be three entities, namely question or problem, data, and analysis or interpretation. According to Mack et al scientific research consists of an investigation that: seeks answers to a question, systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer the question, collects evidence, produces findings that were not determined in advance, produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study. Furthermore, she says that qualitative research is especially effective in obtaining culturally specific information about the values, opinions, behaviors, and social contexts of particular populations [7].
Data taken from the ten essays is put in the table in accordance with the date they were published. In so doing, the title, author, website, date, and number of words are provided in order that the readers are able to grasp the problem investigated. Before examining the essays, caveat from the Writing Center at Harvard University is comprehended first. The comprehension of caveat is done by examining one by one the ten caveats. 10 A thesis should be as clear and specific as possible.
The caveat examination is needed in order that the research facilitates the readers to know well the process of conducting this research before knowing the findings, especially the relationship between culture (including the works of literature) and religion (including matters dealing with radicalism and extremity).
Academic writing can also be called paper or essay. Moreover, essay can represent various kinds of text. It means that text whose paragraph is more than one and conveys one single idea can be called essay. However, essay usually has a certain characteristic, namely consisting of introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.
Essays in social media which convey idea related to culture, religion, literature, radicalism, and extremity can be found easily by using the Google search machine. By entering or typing these keywords, the researcher found several essays, selected them, and chose ten essays as the data.
Thesis and the importance of thesis are often discussed in the textbooks of academic writing. The term of thesis is sometimes used differently, likewise in other disciplines. It means that the experts of academic writing sometimes have different term for thesis. Besides, in defining what thesis is, the experts of academic writing define it somewhat differently.
According to Whitaker the thesis statement is the most important sentence in your paper.
Furthermore, she says that the thesis statement is not a fact nor a question, but your view of the topic and what you want to say about it [8].
In this research, the researcher takes the definition from the Writing Center at Harvard University. The reason why he uses such a definition is that first Harvard University is one of the ten best universities in the world. Secondly, the rule or guidance of writing thesis from such a university is easily accessed.   The word of karena (meaning 'because') is intentionally written in order that it can clarify the problem, namely in the examples the word because is not always stated explicitly.
After examining the ten essays, the researcher found that the thesis of the ten essays is not always found in the last sentence of the first paragraph. Instead, it can be found in the first and second paragraphs, and it cannot always be found in the last sentence.
After reading comprehensively, by emphasizing on the first paragraph, the researcher shows the thesis found on the following table. In order to clarify the problem, the relationship between culture (more specifically literature) and religion (more specifically morality) can be described as follows. V 10 Salah satunya Imam besar yang juga ulama paling senior di Al-Azhar Sheikh Ahmed Al-Tayyeb, yang meminta agar setiap orang berhenti menggambarkan terorisme sebagai Islam.
V As a way to clarify the difference of thesis, namely whether or not the thesis is fact, opinion, or argument, the following table describes such difference. As described above, it is quite clear that these theses constitute 60% of fact and 40% of opinion.
Beside examining thesis, the researcher by all means examined the content of essays comprehensively to check the suitability of essay with its thesis.
The substantial findings which are found by analyzing the ten essays using academic writing's point of view is that not all essays provide the readers with the appropriate thesis. It is, in spite of being considered the most important part of an essay, written incompletely. As a consequence, the readers are not encouraged or motivated to know the whole content of essay comprehensively. The other substantial finding is the relationship between culture (more specifically literature) and religion (more specifically extremity). The relationship between culture and religion of the ten essays is positively described. It means that radicalism and extremity can be eliminated, or at least can be reduced, if culture and religion can walk together hand in hand.

CONCLUSION
The relationship between religion and culture is frequently not very harmonious. In such a relationship, the duty of religion is possibly to straightened culture which tends to deviate from the norm of religion. On the other hand, the activists of cultural organizations worry the extinction of local wisdoms. These wisdoms are likely to be changed by wisdoms from foreign countries. The social matters which are very potential to be human catastrophe must be anticipated by using the latest information technology in the form of social media.
In this digital technology era, the relationship between religion and culture has been able to be accessed more easily recently by using social media. Nowadays, the information related to radicalism and terrorism can be easily found in social media. By using the Google search machine and typing the keywords of religion, culture, literature, radicalism, and extremity, the researcher found ten essays which are closely related to the keywords. These essays, which were published during the year of 2017 to 2020, were analyzed by using the academic writing proposed by the Writing Center at Harvard University.
By analyzing the ten essays, the researcher found that these essays actually have thesis.
However, these theses are not written by using academic writing's consideration. In fact, these theses are written implicitly rather than explicitly. The other finding is that the theses are not argument but either fact or opinion. As a consequence, these theses are not good ones according to the academic writing's point of view.